Each type of business entity has its own distinguishing aspects that help you decide which entity type is best for you. Some of the fundamental factors to consider include the following:
1. How complex is it to form the business entity?
2. Does the underlying business have any financing and credit needs that can be met more easily with one type of entity than another?
3. How do you want a flexible structure in which to allocate profits and losses or do you prefer a more rigid structure?
4. Are you trying to limit personal liability that might attach to the principal(s)?
5. Do you want to make it easy for the company to allow owners to sell (or otherwise transfer) their ownership interests?
6. How do you want profits and losses to be treated from a tax viewpoint?
There are normally four main types of businesses people use.
Each of the most common type of business entity has its distinct formation and operation requirements. The basic four types of business entities and their sub-groups are (without considering taxes):
1. Sole proprietorship:
2. Partnerships
a. General partnership
b. Limited partnership
3. Corporate Forms
a. Regular corporation
b. Statutory close corporation
c. Professional corporations
4. Limited Liability Companies
There are other types of possible business entity types such as the business trust or registered limited liability partnership but such entities have a limited application. Also there may be a mix of entity type where, for example, there is a limited partnership with a corporation as the general partner.
The different types of entities can be generally distinguished by looking at the management structure, liability limitations, transferability of ownership interests, and continuity upon death, retirement, or transfer of ownership interests of business owners.
Corporations: In general, a corporation will have centralized management and control in the hands of a small group of managers even though there may be many shareholders. The shareholders liability is limited to their investment in the company because they will not be held accountable for the company’s debts. A corporation’s shares are relatively easy to sell or otherwise transfer and transfers do not cause a corporation to stop existing.
Partnerships: General Partnership - Unlike corporations partnerships have a decentralized management because in a general partnership each of the partners has the right to participate in business management unless there is a different agreement among the partners. In a partnership, the general partner has unlimited personal liability for the company’s debts and other obligations. Another distinguishing feature is that if a general partner withdraws from the partnership that departure can lead to dissolution of the partnership and the end of the partnership’s business. Limited Partnership - A limited partnership runs like a general partnership except that the limited partners do not have the unlimited liability of a general partner and the limited partners have limited management input but their liability is limited to only their investment in the company.
Sole Proprietorships: A sole proprietorship shares some characteristics with a general partnership except that with a sole proprietorship there is only one single owner.
Limited Liability Company: The LLC has become popular because it allows each of the owners to participate in the management of the business yet avoid the liability of a general partner.
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